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初中學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語,在初一的時(shí)侯,往往興趣很濃,成績也不錯(cuò),可是隨著詞匯量增加及語法項(xiàng)目的增多。漸漸地失去了對(duì)英語的興趣。一個(gè)很重要的原因就是過不了詞匯關(guān)。本文根據(jù)筆者多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn),就怎樣教詞匯,談些看法。
詞匯教學(xué)應(yīng)采用"全方位教學(xué)法"(注:這是筆者自己給這一方法取的名),即在教學(xué)一個(gè)詞時(shí),應(yīng)盡可能多地將該詞與學(xué)生已有的舊知識(shí)建立起各種聯(lián)系。這種方法特別適用于有了一定的詞匯量之后的詞匯教學(xué)及詞匯總復(fù)習(xí)。
詞匯教學(xué),首先,應(yīng)從詞的拼寫即詞形著手,看看該詞是有哪些字母或字母組合組成的,是否跟以前學(xué)過的單詞有相似之處?有何特點(diǎn)可幫助記憶,同時(shí),應(yīng)跟音標(biāo)建立起對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,注意哪些字母及字母組合不發(fā)音,如:hour中h不發(fā)音,climb中的b不發(fā)音等;有哪些字母及字母組合發(fā)音符合讀音規(guī)則,哪些比較特殊,還應(yīng)注意是否有同音詞,在初中英語中同音詞有三十多對(duì)(見附錄1),當(dāng)然,還應(yīng)區(qū)分音似詞(見附錄2)及形似詞(見附錄3)。
第二,應(yīng)注意一詞多義現(xiàn)象,一個(gè)單詞用在不同的場合有不同的含義,如:by一詞可作"在......旁"、"乘(車、船等)"、"不遲于"、"被,由"等解釋。
第三,應(yīng)了解詞性,尤其是兼類詞,如:neither一詞可作連詞、代詞、形容詞和副詞,因?yàn)閺脑~性可以掌握詞在句中的功能,這一點(diǎn)跟漢語有許多相似之處,如:動(dòng)詞作謂語,副詞作狀語等。
第四,應(yīng)跟反義詞(見附錄4)、同(近)義詞(見附錄5)聯(lián)系起來,應(yīng)講清近義詞之間的細(xì)微差別,盡可能地用英語解釋英語,其中舊版第五、六冊(cè)練習(xí)中有一百多個(gè),可借鑒,平時(shí),老師也應(yīng)多幫助學(xué)生積累英語釋義。也可通過查雙解詞典得到英語釋義。
第五,教詞匯時(shí),應(yīng)讓學(xué)生掌握一些與該詞有關(guān)的常見搭配,還應(yīng)教一些重點(diǎn)句型及語言適用的情景。讓學(xué)生記住。如:hadbetter(not)+動(dòng)詞原形;Therebe+主語;Excuseme,couldyoutellmehowIcangetto...?等。
第六,教詞匯,還應(yīng)讓學(xué)生掌握各類詞的詞形變化,關(guān)于這一點(diǎn),我想分成幾點(diǎn)來講。
1.教名詞時(shí),首先應(yīng)注意該詞是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞,特別是一些容易混淆的詞,如:bread,paper(紙)等,由于受漢語影響,學(xué)生們往往誤認(rèn)為可數(shù)名詞。若是可數(shù)名詞則應(yīng)注意復(fù)數(shù)形式。若遇到不規(guī)則的,應(yīng)讓學(xué)生死記硬背。如下面的內(nèi)容應(yīng)讓學(xué)生記?。?/p>
考試頻度較高的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式小結(jié)
1.childchildren2.manmen3.womanwomen
4.policemanpolicemen5.EnglishmanEnglishmen
6.FrenchmanFrenchmen7.footfeet8.toothteeth
9.sheepsheep10.JapaneseJapanese11.ChineseChinese
12.knifeknives13.wifewives14.lifelives
15.shelfshelves16.halfhalves17.leafleaves
18.tomatotomatoes19.potatopotatoes20.zoozoos
21.radioradios22.kilokilos
2.教動(dòng)詞,應(yīng)注意第三人稱單數(shù)形式,現(xiàn)在分詞,過去式及過去分詞。若遇到不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,應(yīng)讓學(xué)生看看它的變化是否跟其它不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化有共同之處。如:可以歸納為AAA形、ABB形等。
3.教形容詞,副詞要注意比較級(jí)及最高級(jí)形式。如遇到不規(guī)則的,應(yīng)讓學(xué)生死記硬背。歸納如下:
不規(guī)則形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)
原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)
1.good(well)betterbest
2.bad(badly,ill)worseworst
3.many(much)moremost
4.littlelessleast
5.farfarther(further)farthest(furthest)
6.oldolder(elder)oldest(eldest)
4.教數(shù)詞,應(yīng)注意基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。特別應(yīng)注意first,second,third,fifth,twelfth,ninth,fortieth等詞。
5.教代詞時(shí),不管遇到下面的哪一種形式,即,人稱代詞的主格、賓格;形容詞性的物主代詞、名詞性的物主代詞;反身代詞,就應(yīng)讓學(xué)生講出其它各種形式。如下表:
人稱代詞,物主代詞,反身代詞一覽表
I
me
my
mine
myself
you
you
your
yours
yourself
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
its
itself
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
并告訴學(xué)生,形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞雖然漢語意義一樣,但英語中使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意,在形容詞性物主代詞后必須加名詞才能使用,而名詞性物主代詞則單獨(dú)可以使用。
6.教國家的名稱時(shí),可同時(shí)教民族、語言名稱。如:
countrypeoplelanguage
1.ChinaChineseChinese
2.JapanJapaneseJapanese
3.AmericaAmericanEnglish
4.AustraliaAustralianEnglish
5.FranceFrenchFrench
6.EnglandEnglishmanEnglish
7.GermanyGermanGerman
8.RussianRussian
9.CanadaCanadian
7.另外,還應(yīng)讓學(xué)生們注意,該詞是否可通過加前綴或后綴的方法變成另一個(gè)單詞,如:luck加y變成形容詞lucky,而lucky把y變成i再加ly就變?yōu)楦痹~luckily,又如:happy前面加un變?yōu)榉穸ㄒ饬x。(詳見附錄6)或者是否能與其它的詞合成新詞。如:class與room合成為classroom等。
總之,我們?cè)诮淘~匯時(shí),應(yīng)千方百計(jì)地啟發(fā)學(xué)生充分發(fā)揮各種聯(lián)想,以便在學(xué)生腦中建立起多種聯(lián)系,達(dá)到促進(jìn)記憶的目的。從本人十多年的運(yùn)用情況來看,效果是比較好的。文中難免有不周之處,敬請(qǐng)同行指正。
附錄1
義教版同音詞小結(jié)
one--wonway--weighI--eye
son--sunmeat--meetright--write
for--foursea--seeroad--rode
father--fartherhole--wholeno--know
here--hearwear--wherenew--knew
our--hourthere--theirweather--whether
past--passedours--hoursah--are
aren''''t--auntate--eightwho''''s--whose
blue--blewby-bye--buyhi--high
pear-pairknows--noseread--red
sew--soto--too--twothrew--through
wood--wouldblue-blewweak--week
its--it''''s
附錄2
義教版讀音易混淆的詞小結(jié)
1.meat,metre2.head,hand3.hard,heart
4.nose,noise,nurse5.slow,snow6.show,sure,shall
7.wood,word,world8.much,March,match9.work,walk
10.thin,thing11.think,thank12.big,pig
13.bed,bad14.horse,house15.light,right,night
16.mouth,month17.great,grade18.hear,hair
19.full,fall20.for,fall21.sing,thing
22.quiet,quite23.no,now24.leaf,leave
25.wash,wish26.then,than27.what,water
28.crowd,cloud29.low,row30.back,bag
31.beat,better32.bike,back33.box,books
34.class,glass35.clothes,closes36.dead,dad
37.grass,glass38.lesson,listen39.parent,present
40.same,some41.long,wrong42.since,sings,things
43.forty,fourteen44.cheap,jeep45.blown,brown
46.lend,land47.police,please48.count,can''''t
49.living,leaving50.side,said51.kite,Kate
52.join,John53.Mary,merry54.along,alone
55.ice,eyes56.wait,white,wet57.cap,cup
58.black,break59.shoe,sure60.will,well
61.ran,rang62.ship,sheep63.sang,sung,song
64.slow,throw65.run,rung66.lock,rock,luck
67.goal,girl68.live,leave
附錄3
義教版拼寫易混詞小結(jié)
1.whetherweather2.presentparent
3.formfrom4.monthmouth
5.quitequiet6.agoage
7.watchmatch8.fatherfarther
9.shirtskirt10.strangestrong
11.thenthan12.tiredtried
13.broughtbought14.weekweak
15.samesome16.feltfell
17.househorse18.plantplane
19.cleanclear20.evenever
21.hathate22.sandsend
附錄4
義教版反義詞(對(duì)應(yīng)詞)小結(jié)
1.big---small2.black---white
3.buy---sell4.cheap---dear(expensive)
5.close---open6.closed---open
e---go8.different---same
9.leave---stay10.early---late
11.easy---hard12.empty---full
13.give---take14.heavy---light
15.little---much16.new---old
17.puton---takeoff18.right---wrong
19.sit---stand20.down---up
21.sitdown---standup22.here---there
23.this---that24.these---those
25.from---to26.few--many
27.after--before28.always--never
29.atfirst--atlast30.answer--ask(qestion)
31.back--front32.bad--good
33.atnight--inthedaytime34.different--same
35.beout--bein36.above--below
37.best--worst38.better--worse
39.bring--take40.busy--free
41.cold--hot42.cool--warm
43.cry--laugh44.dangerous--safe
45.dry--wet46.far--near
47.fat--thin48.finish--begin(start)
49.full--hungry(empty)50.happy--sad
51.ill--well52.inside--outside
53.into--outof54.last--first
55.learn--teach56.less--more
57.left--right58.long--short
59.no--yes60.part--all(whole)
61.poor--rich62.pull--push
63.puton--takeoff64.quick--slow
65.short--tall66.thin--thick
67.tonight--today68.like--unlike
69.yesterday--tomorrow70.work--rest
71.move--stay72.behind--infrontof
73.lose--win74.wakeup--gotosleep
75.weak--strong76.dark--light
附錄5
義教版同(近)義詞小結(jié)
1.almost---nearly2.aloud---loud
3.true-real4.anybody----anyone
5.whether-if6.trouble---worry
7.sure---certain8.bright---clever
9.space-room10.difficult---hard
11.enjoy---like12.maybe---perhaps
13.nobody---none14.except---but
15.start---begin16.helpful---useful
17.job---work18.several---afew
19.shout---cry20.quick---fast
21.small---little22.too---also
23.large---big24.problem---question
25.game---match26.certainly---ofcourse
27.glad---happy28.byair---byplane
29.learn---study30.haveto---must
31.high---tall32.lose---miss
33.ill---sick34.atonce---rightnow
35.quite---very36.every---each
37.begoodat---dowellin38.atlast---intheend
39.haveacold---catchacold
40.enjoyoneself---haveagoodtime
41.lookafter---takecareof
42.becareful---takecare,lookout
43.reach---getto,arriveat(in)
附錄6
派生詞
一、n.---->adj.
1.sunsunny2.rainrainy
3.cloudcloudy4.windwindy
5.noisenoisy6.lucklucky
7.healthhealthy8.carecareful
9.useuseful10.helphelpful
11.thankthankful12.wonderwonderful
13.friendfriendly14.differencedifferent
15.foolfoolish16.sleepasleep
17.dangerdangerous18.southsouthern
19.northnorthern20.woolwoolen
21.deathdead
二、v.---->adj.
1.interestinteresting2.pleasepleased(pleasant)
3.worryworried4.savesafe
5.forgetforgetful6.enjoyenjoyable
7.fillfull8.diedead
三、v.---->n.
1.drivedriver2.farmfarmer
3.winwinner4.runrunner
5.playplayer6.singsinger
7.waitwaiter8.workworker
9.teachteacher10.readreader
11.writewriter12.foreignforeigner
13.villagevillager14.speakspeaker
15.keepkeeper16.thinkthinker
17.cleancleaner18.visitvisitor
19.inventinventor20.traveltraveller
21.jumpjumper22.inventinvention
23.operateoperation24.livelife
25.diedeath
四、adj.--->adv.
1.angryangrily2.badbadly
3.beautifulbeautifully4.carefulcarefully
5.certaincertainly6.easyeasily
7.finalfinally8.happyhappily
9.loudloudly10.politepolitely
11.quickquickly12.quietquietly
13.realreally14.slowslowly
15.suddensuddenly16.truetruly
17.usualusually18.luckyluckily
19.heavyheavily20.healthyhealthily
21.noisynoisily22.widewidely
23.terribleterribly24.strongstrongly
25.brightbrightly26.clearclearly
27.kindkindly28.safesafely
29.nearnearly30.possiblepossibly
31.fullfully
五、肯定---否定
1.happyunhappy2.trueuntrue
3.usualunusual4.likeunlike