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等等英文范文第1篇

下午，我正在做作業(yè)。

突然，從那邊傳來一陣叮叮鐺鐺的鑼鼓聲，越來越響。接著，震耳欲聾的鞭炮聲接二連三地響起來，我往窗外一看，原來鑼鼓聲在我們后面那戶人家停住了，可想而知，是迎龍燈了。

我發(fā)現(xiàn)迎龍燈的人，衣服穿得非常整齊。男的穿黃衣服，中間綁塊布，女的穿紅衣服，衣上帶花真漂亮。女的在前，男的在后，真有順序。

那大龍頭看得清晰可見，龍眼睛直盯一個(gè)方向，威風(fēng)又神氣，一動(dòng)不動(dòng)。雖然是假的，但是畫得栩栩如生。

再到旁邊看一看，一條長長的隊(duì)伍停在眼前。每一節(jié)都有一個(gè)人抬，每節(jié)都立著不同的東西，但是，每節(jié)都是兩個(gè)古代名人，中間一盆花，這各形式。

等等英文范文第2篇

關(guān)鍵詞：熒光燈；燈絲電流預(yù)熱型；燈絲電壓預(yù)熱型

1常用照明方法與特點(diǎn)

常用的電光源主要有熱致發(fā)光光源，氣體放電發(fā)光光源，固體發(fā)光光源等三類。

熱致發(fā)光光源如白熾燈，它利用斯涅藩－波爾茲曼定律，即物體溫度越高，它幅射出的能量越大。這可用式（1）表示。

E=μ×ξ×T4（1）

式中：E為物體在溫度T時(shí)單位面積和單位時(shí)間內(nèi)的紅外幅射總能量；

圖1

μ為斯涅藩－波爾茲曼常數(shù)（μ=5.6697×10－12W/cm2·K4），ξ為比幅射率，即物體表面幅射本領(lǐng)與黑體幅射本領(lǐng)之比值；

T為物體的絕對溫度。

利用熱致發(fā)光原理制成的電光源制作簡單，成本低，但是發(fā)光效率低，只有11％左右，而其余的能量則以熱的形式消耗掉（紅外、熱能消耗分別占69％及20％）。

圖2

固體發(fā)光光源，如發(fā)光二極管、等離子體發(fā)光器件等，盡管它們的發(fā)光效率高，但目前還不能做到大功率（如上百瓦），所以，固體發(fā)光器件要進(jìn)入大規(guī)模實(shí)用階段還有一段距離。

氣體放電發(fā)光器件，如熒光燈（Florescent）、金鹵燈（Hilide）、高強(qiáng)度放電燈（HID）等，它們的發(fā)光效率為普通白熾燈的幾倍。由于氣體放電燈的功率可以做得較大（上千瓦），發(fā)光效率又高，是一種綠色照明光源。其中，熒光燈是一種充有氬氣的低氣壓汞氣體放電燈，發(fā)光效率和壽命都比白熾燈高。熒光燈發(fā)光效率約23％，紅外、熱能占總耗能的36％及41％。熒光燈發(fā)光均勻、亮度適中、光色柔和，是理想的室內(nèi)照明燈，在照明中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。熒光燈是通過引燃燈管內(nèi)稀薄汞蒸汽進(jìn)行弧光放電，汞離子受激產(chǎn)生紫外線，激發(fā)燈管內(nèi)壁涂層熒光粉發(fā)出可見光。但是由于熒光燈工作的負(fù)阻特性，在使用時(shí)須配用鎮(zhèn)流器件。

2有關(guān)熒光燈的燈絲預(yù)熱

國際電工委員會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)IEC929和我國的專業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ZBK74012－90，都有關(guān)于電子鎮(zhèn)流器在“正常情況下使用時(shí)，應(yīng)使燈啟動(dòng)，但不對燈性能造成損害”；“施加陰極預(yù)熱電壓的最短時(shí)間應(yīng)不少于0.4s”和“開路電壓的波峰系數(shù)不得超過1.8；在最低預(yù)熱期間，不得產(chǎn)生即使是極窄的、不影響有效值的電壓峰值”等規(guī)定。

預(yù)熱啟動(dòng)是指在燈陰極被加熱至熱電子發(fā)射溫度后才觸發(fā)燈。通常采用控制陰極電流進(jìn)行預(yù)熱或控制陰極電壓進(jìn)行預(yù)熱的方式。無論采用哪種方式啟動(dòng)，都應(yīng)滿足下列要求：

1）在燈陰極達(dá)到電子發(fā)射狀態(tài)之前，燈兩端之間或燈與啟動(dòng)輔助裝置之間的開路電壓應(yīng)保持在低于導(dǎo)致陰極受損害的輝光放電的水平；

2）在陰極達(dá)到發(fā)射狀態(tài)之后，開路電壓應(yīng)足夠高，可使燈迅速啟動(dòng)而無須重復(fù)多次才能啟動(dòng)；

3）在陰極已處于發(fā)射狀態(tài)，若開路電壓須升高后才能使燈啟動(dòng)，則開路電壓從低到高的轉(zhuǎn)變過程中，必須在陰極仍處于熱電子發(fā)射溫度期間完成；

4）在陰極預(yù)熱階段，預(yù)熱電流或預(yù)熱電壓不得過大或過高而使陰極上發(fā)射物質(zhì)因過熱而受到損害。

燈陰極預(yù)熱啟動(dòng)可分為以下兩種情況。

2.1采用控制燈陰極電流進(jìn)行的燈絲預(yù)熱

2.1.1有效預(yù)熱電流和發(fā)射時(shí)間（te）

為使某一類型陰極達(dá)到最低發(fā)射溫度所需的熱量，可用時(shí)間、電流和由該類陰極的物理特性所決定的一個(gè)常數(shù)來表示。這種關(guān)系可由式（2）表示。

式中：te為達(dá)到發(fā)射狀態(tài)的時(shí)間，≥0.4s（1）；

a為特定類型陰極的常數(shù)；

ik為獲得te所需的最小燈絲有效預(yù)熱電流（A）；

im為達(dá)到發(fā)射狀態(tài)所需的燈絲最小電流絕對值（A）（2）；

注：（1）達(dá)到發(fā)射狀態(tài)的預(yù)熱時(shí)間<0.4s通常是不可取的，實(shí)踐證明在此時(shí)間內(nèi)不總是可以使陰極燈絲達(dá)到充分預(yù)熱。

（2）此值是假定從冷態(tài)開始施加燈絲預(yù)熱電流的時(shí)間足夠長（如≥30s）的情況。

2.1.2有效預(yù)熱電流的最大值

可以在短時(shí)間（t≤0.4s）內(nèi)施加較大的燈絲有效預(yù)熱電流而又不損壞陰極，但超過0.4s后，隨著時(shí)間的延長，此電流值應(yīng)逐步減小，直至達(dá)到2s或更長時(shí)間，此值不得明顯地超過50Hz時(shí)用輝光啟動(dòng)器啟動(dòng)的數(shù)值。

上述要求的圖解如圖1和圖2所示。

2.1.3開路電壓和轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)間ts在燈的啟動(dòng)過程中，當(dāng)開路電壓在te時(shí)被提高，而陰極預(yù)熱過程在te時(shí)結(jié)束（預(yù)熱電流中斷）的情況下，開路電壓的轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)間ts應(yīng)≤100ms（如圖2所示）。

在開路電壓的轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)間內(nèi)陰極始終保持發(fā)射狀態(tài)的情況下，轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)間ts可以>100ms。

由于燈陰極在預(yù)熱時(shí)間達(dá)到te時(shí)被加熱到發(fā)射狀態(tài)，因此，在燈啟動(dòng)過渡階段有效預(yù)熱電流不得降低到絕對最小值（im）以下，以確保燈陰極處于發(fā)射狀態(tài)。

有一些類型的燈規(guī)定，在達(dá)到te之前的開路電壓最大值高于或等于達(dá)到te之后的開路電壓的最小值，因此，為這類燈設(shè)計(jì)的鎮(zhèn)流器無須為了使燈可靠啟動(dòng)而提高開路電壓。

2.2采用控制燈陰極電壓進(jìn)行預(yù)熱的鎮(zhèn)流器

2.2.1方均根電壓和施加電壓的時(shí)間

當(dāng)陰極電壓超過3.0V（低電阻陰極）或6.0V（高電阻陰極），且電壓施加的時(shí)間≥0.4s時(shí)，即可達(dá)到陰極發(fā)射溫度。

為了防止陰極溫度過高，應(yīng)規(guī)定施加電壓的最大值。當(dāng)施加電壓大于10V時(shí)，所有陰極兩端都會(huì)出現(xiàn)橫向弧光放電。

2.2.2開路電壓

在達(dá)到陰極熱電子發(fā)射之前，如燈的開路電壓低于可進(jìn)行冷啟動(dòng)的值，則允許同時(shí)施加陰極預(yù)熱電壓和燈電壓。雖然電子鎮(zhèn)流器可以提供多種電壓控制方式，但均應(yīng)遵守在達(dá)到熱啟動(dòng)之前將燈電壓保持在燈冷啟動(dòng)水平以下的原則。

燈絲最大有效預(yù)熱電流在預(yù)熱過程中的任何時(shí)刻，不得超過規(guī)定的最大值，預(yù)熱時(shí)間≥0.4s。

2.2.3對鎮(zhèn)流器的要求

鎮(zhèn)流器應(yīng)向燈提供所需陰極預(yù)熱電壓、陰極工作電壓和燈啟動(dòng)電壓。

鎮(zhèn)流器應(yīng)按規(guī)定值向燈提供啟動(dòng)電壓。啟動(dòng)電壓可與陰極預(yù)熱電壓同時(shí)施加，也可在0.4s間隔后上升至該項(xiàng)值。但在0.4s之前施加的任何電壓必須低于可導(dǎo)致燈啟動(dòng)的電壓水平。

一個(gè)性能良好的電子鎮(zhèn)流器的預(yù)熱、點(diǎn)火和熒光燈工作與電子鎮(zhèn)流器工作頻率變化之間的變化規(guī)律如圖3所示。電子鎮(zhèn)流器的預(yù)熱、點(diǎn)火和熒光燈工作與工作頻率變化關(guān)系曲線圖如圖4所示。

3幾種常用熒光燈的燈絲預(yù)熱方法與特點(diǎn)

3.1單燈燈絲電流預(yù)熱型

單燈燈絲電流預(yù)熱型電路結(jié)構(gòu)如圖5所示。在這種燈絲預(yù)熱電路中，利用在電路預(yù)熱期間通過燈絲與啟動(dòng)電容之間的電流實(shí)現(xiàn)燈絲預(yù)熱。具有電路簡單，易于實(shí)現(xiàn)的特點(diǎn)，實(shí)際應(yīng)用得較多。

3．2單燈燈絲電壓預(yù)熱型

單燈燈絲電壓預(yù)熱型電路結(jié)構(gòu)如圖6所示。在這種燈絲預(yù)熱電路中，利用和鎮(zhèn)流電感（L）繞在一起的兩個(gè)燈絲繞組上的電壓實(shí)現(xiàn)燈絲預(yù)熱。特點(diǎn)是在燈的整個(gè)工作過程中，燈絲都有電壓施加于燈絲兩端。

3．3雙燈串聯(lián)燈絲電壓預(yù)熱型

雙燈串聯(lián)燈絲電壓預(yù)熱型電路結(jié)構(gòu)如圖7所示。在這種燈絲預(yù)熱電路中，利用和鎮(zhèn)流電感繞在一起的三個(gè)燈絲繞組（L）上的電壓實(shí)現(xiàn)燈絲預(yù)熱。特點(diǎn)是在燈的整個(gè)工作過程中，燈絲都有電壓施加于燈絲兩端，并且通過中間的燈絲繞組（L）的電流應(yīng)為上、下兩個(gè)燈絲繞組（L）的燈絲電流兩倍。

3．4雙燈串聯(lián)燈絲電流預(yù)熱型

雙燈串聯(lián)燈絲電流預(yù)熱型電路結(jié)構(gòu)如圖8所示。在這種燈絲預(yù)熱電路中，利用和鎮(zhèn)流電容串在一起的一個(gè)燈絲變壓器（T2）上的次級電壓實(shí)現(xiàn)燈絲預(yù)熱。

3．5雙燈并聯(lián)燈絲電流預(yù)熱型

雙燈并聯(lián)燈絲電流預(yù)熱型電路如圖9所示。電路工作原理與單燈燈絲電流預(yù)熱電路相同。

3．6雙燈并聯(lián)平衡變壓器燈絲預(yù)熱型

雙燈并聯(lián)平衡變壓器燈絲預(yù)熱型電路結(jié)構(gòu)如圖10所示。電路中利用一個(gè)平衡變壓器（T）來實(shí)現(xiàn)燈絲的預(yù)熱。電路工作原理與單燈燈絲電壓預(yù)熱型電路相同。電路特點(diǎn)是由于電路中的平衡變壓器可使兩只燈的工作電流一致。

3．7雙燈并聯(lián)燈絲電壓預(yù)熱型

雙燈并聯(lián)燈絲電壓預(yù)熱型電路如圖11所示。電路工作原理同單燈燈絲電壓預(yù)熱電路。

等等英文范文第3篇

匆匆寫好給弟的信，匆匆穿上了鞋，準(zhǔn)備去不近但也不算遠(yuǎn)的郵局寄信。匆匆地手扶上了門要推，因?yàn)樘觳辉缌耍缫殉拾祷覡?。要再快點(diǎn)，再快點(diǎn)啊，我心里這么想著，腳就邁了出去。突然，身后傳來媽媽的聲音：等等，我和你一起去吧，天要黑了，路又遠(yuǎn)。我心里不由得漫上許許的不服和不滿：沒事，我自己去可以的，我又不是小孩子了！聽我這么說，媽媽也好似同意了，只說了聲：好，路上小心??！

我心中無比快樂，因?yàn)槲艺f服媽媽了，我，好久都沒一個(gè)人去寄信了。

開始，我走得很快，心里也擔(dān)心天黑了怎么回來，于是漸漸加快了步伐，但又不得不慢下來——鞋帶開了。我半蹲著，余光看到身后不遠(yuǎn)處有團(tuán)黑乎乎的影子。我匆忙地抬頭一看，哦，月亮出來了，是月光吧？是月光照射路燈的影子吧？于是我又急急地往前趕路。

終于，把信送過去了，我又急匆匆地往回走。天越來越黑，還好路燈都亮了，使我能看清回去的路?？勺咧咧?，總覺得很怕，回頭看，見路燈下還有一團(tuán)黑黑的影子，我很好奇，于是繞了個(gè)彎，來到路燈后面，看到的是一個(gè)人的背影。只見他把頭探了探，悄悄地走在我剛剛走的路上。頓時(shí)，他整個(gè)人也在路燈下顯現(xiàn)出來了；頓時(shí)，我的眼睛也模糊了——是媽媽。

走在媽媽后面沉思的我，早已像洗過臉一般。我知道，媽媽是擔(dān)心怕黑的我；我也知道，那一次次的路燈下，不是別人，是媽媽。

等等英文范文第4篇

2、知道我在這里等你多久了嗎？

Know how long I've waited for you here?

3、我在這里等你演練些戰(zhàn)術(shù)。

等等英文范文第5篇

瓦爾登湖讀后感英文版【1】

read through some of the more than half of the "walden pond", to be honest look at a lot of paragraphs do not really understand, but say it is fun sections of animals that people read fresh.

the first animal is the rooster attention, and that the most common birds, however the author's pen in the air all of a sudden and very poor. thoreau is the author described them this way: the rooster, pheasant was originally, and their chirping is the world's most beautiful music, better than all the other animals, but most of the time to fill the gaps in their voice is their wife - the mother chickens are noisy, it's no wonder that they ultimately can only be the poultry, not to mention what kind of a chicken egg. these words can not help people desperately want to remember the music chenming rooster, the result was a loss, except in writing from the mechanical "oo" sound. as for the hen, they can only remember them after the end of each time it is under the "giggle" to stop the called.

walden pond, how can there are so many wild animal? every day it seems that the author and not the name they say hello. are familiar with ant, but where the ants are like the soldiers how to ah, make that an ant war was afraid to read the small bio of contempt. lovely fledgling partridge destitute people, they only obey the instinct of mothers and their own oh, the fullness of their long feathers of the body of small branches and leaves together to maintain the same posture, where to stay motionless, it picked up when a stranger or follow it, it continues to stay as motionless, or take your eyes clean. scary, of course, most diving birds, and it always sent laugh, when it is from this lake first dive, the observer much hunting or after a lot of fun. what it is, you can go to the bottom of the lake to fish in the bird.

after all the human animal is, ah, just high-level animals. the author predicted that the result of human progress must be to give up meat, as the savage to the civilized around after people give up bad habits, like eating. i do not know human beings are not one day give up meat, it is very curious about the rabbit call. in the book, the author said: rabbit to the end, the truth was a child cry. on rabbits, the most profound impression that the tree hit a hare, but there is no written record of our had been a poor hunt rabbits.

瓦爾登湖讀后感英文版【2】

Walden is a masterpiece written by Henry David Thoreau （1817-1862）， who was born in Concord, Massachusetts. The age he lived had witnessed the flourish of capitalism as well as the prosperity of industrialization and urbanization. During the 19th century, the American economy developed at so fast rate that most people were bound up in pursuing the material satisfaction , while ingored the spiritual life to a great extent. But Thoreau was quite different from other people, he disdained the modern civilization and attached more importance to the spirit than the material. He thought many people of his time lived in a non-human-like modern society and many modern appliances, such as trains and telegraphs, had done harm to people's harmonious life peace and also broken the relationship between human and nature.

In order to prove that without the modern instruments , people can also live a happy life, in 1845, he moved into a cabin on the shore of Walden Pond and live there alone for two years to get close to the nature .Walden, is the famous book mainly talks about his life and thoughts during those days living in the woods .

Thoreau was so happy with the life living near the lake of Walden that he felt it a sweet grace to have the nature' accompany and even the sounds of rain and the sights around his house were full of sincere friendship. In his eyes, the nature was an intimate friend of him and all things in the nature were lively and vivacious. And all kinds of animals in the wood, such as field mouses, robins and wild rabbits were amicably treated and regarded as his adorable companions. He even thought that plants were also had the right to live equal with human beings. Just because of this, he even blamed himself for hitting chestnut trees with stones. From many words or sentences, we can easily feel Thoreau's deep love and care towards nature.

Besides, Thoreau was a pioneering nature lover, who called on people to stop destorying nature but protect it by setting himself an example to others. The consciousness of the environmental protection is becoming more and more important in our modern society, while the whole world is trapped in some serious ecological crisises resulting from hunting and killing animals, cutting down trees and polluting the rivers for pursuit of human beings' own interests. We all have the common sense that the number of wildlife is decreasing, the area of lake is shrinking, and the water is not clear any more. What's worse, environment problems such as globe warming, climate change and air and water pollution are deteriorating during the commercial process . So it's high time that we should realize we never be the dominator of the whole world conquring nature, but should spare no efforts to improve the environment right away. That is, we should comply with the natural laws, make reasonable utilization of natural resources and keep the harmonious development between the society and the environment. Only in this way will we has an opportunity to embrace a bright future and achieve a sustainable society .

In the book, Walden, Thoreau not only advocated the protection of nature, but also encourage people to comprehend and return to nature. He told us using his own experience that by living a simple life close to nature, we human beings will find out the true value of life and significance of existence.

After reading the book, what impressed me most is the description of the fascinating scenery around the Walden pound, especially these sentences: "A lake is the landscape's most beautiful and expressive feature. It is earth's eye; looking into which the beholder measures the depth of his own nature. The fluviatile trees next the shore are the slender eyelashes which fringe it, and the wooded hills and cliffs around are its overhanging brows". To Thoreau, the Walden lake is like a charming and melting girl , who has slender eyelashes and likes to dress herself in different beautiful clothes with the changes of different seasons.

Every morning after getting up, Thoreau would have a bath in the Walden lake to start a new day. After that, he used to wander around the pond and refresh himself with the fresh air. In summer days , he cultivated a piece of land and growed beans, blackberries, johnsworts and the like. The depiction of his leisure rurality spontaneously reminds me of Tao Yuanming, the famous Chinese poet, who lived in the Jin Dynasty and made his life meaningful by returning to the nature and perfecting himself. If Thoreau and Tao Yuanming lived in the same period and place, they would probably become best friends.

From the book, we know that during the years when Thoreau lived near the Walden, he did not completely isolate himself from the outside world. Sometimes he went to the town and did odd jobs and would receive visitors and friends in his cabin at times. As I mention before, the intention for his living in the woods was that he wanted to teach people how to live a simple life, achieve enjoyment from the nature, free oneself from the strained daily life and what is more important is to reevaluate the value of social life.

Thoreau's though of enjoying a simple life has a more realistic significance and have become a valuable spiritual wealth in our modern society. With the development of the material civilization, people's desires are swelling limitlessly and many people are busy with the pursuit of wealth and luxurious life by any means, including at the expense of nature. However, even in the society materially affluent and technologically advanced , people are not be more happier than those people who lived centuries ago, but even feel less satisfactory and complaint more about their present life as a result of having unbounded desires of getting more and better. Therefore, many people who possess a lat have become slaves of machine, working more but do not have the ability to enjoy what they have.